Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in RGCs

This audio article is from VisualFieldTest.com.

Read the full article here: https://visualfieldtest.com/en/pyrroloquinoline-quinone-pqq-and-mitochondrial-biogenesis-in-rgcs

Test your visual field online: https://visualfieldtest.com

Support the show so new episodes keep coming: https://www.buzzsprout.com/2563091/support

Excerpt:

IntroductionPyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a small nutrient-like compound that has attracted interest for its ability to support cell metabolism and mitochondrial health. In the eye, the most vulnerable cells in glaucoma are the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). These cells form the optic nerve and consume a lot of energy to send visual signals to the brain. When their energy-producing mitochondria fail, RGCs die and vision is lost. Since growing evidence links high RGC metabolism to glaucoma risk, researchers are exploring ways to boost mitochondrial function in the retina. PQQ has been studied in this context because it can stimulate mitochondria and act as an antioxidant. Here we review what is known about PQQ’s effects on mitochondrial biogenesis (the creation of new mitochondria) and redox signaling (cells’ management of oxidative stress) in neurons, focusing on retinal cells. We summarize relevant lab studies, safety data from other brain-related research, and how PQQ might overlap with known therapies like Coenzyme Q10 and NAD+ boosters. Finally, we outline the research needed before testing PQQ in glaucoma patients.PQQ: A “New Vitamin” for Cell MetabolismPQQ was first discovered as a cofactor for certain bacterial enzymes, but later found to be important in animal nutrition. Because animals cannot make PQQ on their own, it is considered a “new vitamin” – deficiencies lead to growth and fertility problems in animal studies (). PQQ is naturally present in many foods (parsley, green peppers, spinach, kiwi fruit, soybeans) and can be taken as an oral supplement (). In clinical safety studies, daily doses of 20–60 mg PQQ were given to healthy volunteers for up to 4 weeks without any adverse effects (). In animals, very high doses (grams per kg of body weight) are needed to cause harm, far above typical human use (). For example, PQQ’s median lethal dose in rats is 0.5–2.0 g/kg, and no chronic damage was found at lower doses in long studies (). Overall, these data suggest PQQ is well-tolerated when consumed by mouth. On a molecular level, PQQ can participate in multiple metabolic processes (). It serves as a redox cofactor (meaning it can cycle between oxidized and reduced states) and can amplify other antioxidants. In fact, one report notes PQQ’s electron-carrying power is much higher than vitamin C or polyphenols – on a per-molecule basis PQQ can cycle electrons dozens of times more efficiently than vitamin C or similar antioxidants (). This redox ability lets PQQ help “recharge” antioxidant defenses. PQQ has also been shown to directly influence key metabolic factors: it can raise the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), boost oxidative phosphorylation (the main energy-producing machinery), and alter mitochondrial dynamics (). In cultured cells, PQQ is known to bind enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase and convert NADH into NAD⁺, thereby increasing the cell’s NAD⁺ pool and fueling energy production (). In short, PQQ is a multi-functional compound that can both clean up oxidative stress and turn up cells’ energy factories.PQQ and Mitochondrial BiogenesisOne of PQQ’s most intriguing activities is its ability to promote mitochondrial biogenesis – the process by which cells make more mitochondria. Mitochond